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Bernhard Kummer (21 January 1897, Leipzig – 1 December 1962, Bad Segeberg) was a Germanist who was appointed to a professorship in the Nazi era and whose writings have been influential among postwar neo-Nazis. He was a prominent representative of Nordicism, the view that the so-called Nordic race was inherently culturally advanced, and in books including his best known work, ''Midgards Untergang'', he argues that the conversion of the Germanic peoples from their native Germanic paganism, particularly the Christianisation of Scandinavia, was detrimental to European culture. ==Career, writing and political activity== Kummer earned his doctorate at the University of Leipzig under the theologian Hans Haas, first publishing ''Midgards Untergang'' in 1927 as his doctoral thesis.〔Fritz Heinrich, "Bernhard Kummer (1897–1962): The Study of Religions Between Religious Devotion for the Ancient Germans, Political Agitation, and Academic Habitus" in Horst Junginger, ed., ''The Study of Religion under the Impact of Fascism'', Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2008, ISBN 978-90-04-16326-3, pp. 229–62, (p. 233 and note 18 ).〕 A committed National Socialist, he joined the Nazi Party in 1928 (member number 87,841), was also a member of the SA, and wrote articles for Nazi publications beginning in 1927.〔Hans-Jürgen Lutzhöft, ''Der Nordische Gedanke in Deutschland 1920–1940'', Kieler historische Studien 14, Stuttgart: Klett, (), ISBN 9783129054703, (p. 51 ) 〕〔Heinrich, (p. 245 ).〕 He left the party in 1930 because membership was preventing him from obtaining a public post or scholarship and he was having difficulty providing for his family;〔 Gustav Neckel had applied for a scholarship on his behalf in 1929.〔Heinrich, (p. 250 and note 92 ).〕 He rejoined the party only late in the Third Reich, but for reasons of conflict with other Nazis, not out of lack of commitment to its ideology;〔Heinrich, (p. 246 ).〕 he requested readmission beginning in 1933,〔Willy Schilling, "NS-Dozentenschaft und Nationalsozialistischer Deutscher Dozentenbund an der Universität Jena", in Uwe Hossfeld (ed.), ''Kämpferische Wissenschaft: Studien zur Universität Jena im Nationalsozialismus'', Cologne: Böhlau, 2003, ISBN 9783412041021, pp. 180–201, (p. 190 ) 〕 and was supported by the Association of National Socialist Dozents, which he represented in his division of the University of Jena.〔〔 After the Nazis came to power, he lectured widely to party organisations and was a dozent at the Deutsche Hochschule für Politik in Berlin.〔 From 1938 he belonged to the SA "Working Group for Weltanschauung and Culture".〔Annett Hamann, "'Männer der kämpfenden Wissenschaft': die 1945 geschlossenen NS-Institute der Universität Jena", in Hossfeld, ed., pp. 202–34, (p. 228, note 93 ) 〕 He never completed his habilitation (the two volumes published as ''Herd und Altar''—Hearth and Altar—had been intended to serve that purpose)〔 but taught at the University of Jena beginning in October 1936, and on 1 May 1942 was appointed Professor of Old Norse language and culture together with Germanic history of religion.〔〔Heinrich, (pp. 252–53 ).〕 Kummer participated from its inception in 1927 in the ''Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens'', a prestigious project.〔Heinrich, (p. 251 ).〕 His articles are on the family and sexuality〔Heinrich, (p. 252 ).〕 and also on goddesses and other female figures such as Mother Holle.〔Elisheva Baumgarten, ''Mothers and Children: Jewish Family Life in Medieval Europe'', Jews, Christians, and Muslims from the ancient to the modern world, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University, 2004, ISBN 9780691091662, (p. 216, note 17 ); see also the list in the bibliography of Heinrich's article, (p. 260 ).〕 He was an influential proponent of Nordicism, particularly as an important ideologue in the ''Nordische Gesellschaft''〔Hamann, (p. 209 ).〕 and as the main author with the ''völkisch'' publishing house of Adolf Klein in Leipzig.〔Felix Wiedemann, ''Rassenmutter und Rebellin: Hexenbilder in Romantik, völkischer Bewegung, Neuheidentum und Feminismus'', Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2007, ISBN 9783826036798, (p. 151 ) 〕 After the war, many of Kummer's works were banned in the Soviet Occupation Zone of Germany.〔Deutsche Verwaltung für Volksbildung in der sowjetischen Besatzungszone, ''Liste der auszusondernden Literatur'', Berlin: Zentralverlag, 1946, (K, pp. K, 203–39 ) (transcript)〕 However, like some other former Nazi academics, he was able to draw on friendships to continue working, emphasising Germanic democracy rather than the "Führer principle" in his postwar publications.〔Hamann, (p. 219 ).〕 He read a paper at the 8th International Congress for the History of Religions, in Rome in 1955.〔Horst Junginger, "From Buddha to Adolf Hitler: Walther Wüst and the Aryan Tradition" in ''The Study of Religion under the Impact of Fascism'', pp. 108–77, (p. 163 and note 142 ). Otto Höfler also presented a paper.〕 Along with other ''völkisch'' neopagans including Herman Wirth, he was active in the Deutsche Unitarier Religionsgemeinschaft (German Unitarian Religious Community).〔Wiedemann, (p. 188 ).〕 ''Midgards Untergang'' in particular is still cited by neo-Nazis as scholarly evidence for their views.〔Heinrich, (p. 230 and note 4 ).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bernhard Kummer」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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